Renewable Energy's Booming, But Still Falling Far Short of Climate Goals
Power sector emissions would have been 15 percent higher in 2018 without the past decade's renewable energy growth, a UNEP report shows.
Renewable energy capacity quadrupled worldwide over the past 10 years, with an estimated $2.6 trillion invested in its growth, a new report from the United Nations Environment Programme shows. But the speed of that growth still falls far short of what researchers say is needed to keep global warming in check.
To meet the Paris climate agreement aim of keeping global warming under 1.5 degrees Celsius, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported last year that the world would need to invest an average of about $3 trillion to $3.5 trillion every year between 2016 and 2050.
"There is certainly a global shift," said Kathy Hipple, an analyst with the Institute for Energy, Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA). "The question is, 'Is it moving fast enough from a climate perspective?' And arguably it's not."
Still, the annual Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment report released Thursday holds positive signs for the future, particularly with the strong growth of solar and wind power, said Francoise d'Estais, head of the finance unit for UN Environment Programme's Energy and Climate Branch.
"This is a demonstration that this is a sustainable and profitable business model for electricity production," d'Estais said.
Capital Shifting, but Coal Remains a Leader
Hipple, whose work for the IEEFA includes tracking financial institutions linked to the energy industry, said that in 1980, oil and gas companies made up seven of the top 10 companies listed in the Standard & Poor's 500 index.
As of this month, no oil and gas companies are among the top 10 after oil giant Exxon dropped from the top 10.
"Capital is shifting away from fossil fuels," Hipple said. "The fossil fuel sector, the oil and gas sector used to be 28 percent of the Standard & Poor's 500 back in 1980. And now it's only 4.4 percent."
In addition to tracking renewable energy investment, the new UNEP report also tracked fossil fuel energy growth and found that coal continued to attract new investment in the last decade, particularly in emerging markets such as China and India. Over that period, coal ranks second and natural gas fourth in new capacity built. Solar and wind ranked first and third, respectively.
Last year alone, $41 billion was invested in coal worldwide, d'Estais said. "We would love to see that disappearing," she said.
As Costs Fall, Solar Leads Renewables Surge
Out of all the renewable energy sectors considered, solar led the renewable energy surge with $1.3 trillion invested over the decade, the report found.
The capacity for solar energy is forecast to reach 638 gigawatts by the end of the year, compared to just 25 gigawatts in 2010. That's enough capacity to produce all the electricity needed each year to power 100 million average U.S. homes, according to the report's press release.
"It was not what we expected," d'Estais said. "Solar was way behind wind [a decade ago]."
But technological advances have made solar panels smaller, cheaper to manufacture and more efficient, d'Estais said. Additionally, she said, the cost of financing and installing solar has dropped, leading to surges in solar installations across the world.
In the U.S., the average construction cost for solar has fallen by 37 percent between 2013 and 2017, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
The levelized cost for electricity—a measurement that allows the comparison between different energy producing technologies—for solar photovoltaics has plummeted 81 percent over the last 10 years, the reports states. For onshore wind, that cost dropped 46 percent and offshore wind dropped 44 percent.
A Focus on Policy Needs
While $2.6 trillion is a good start, "we do have a climate clock," said Rachel Cleetus, policy director for the climate and energy program at the Union of Concerned Scientists. "There's lots to be optimistic about ... but at the same time we need more."
The report, produced by the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management and BloombergNEF, estimates that global greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector would have been 15 percent higher in 2018 were it not for the increasing renewable energy capacity. However, it also notes that emissions still rose 10 percent from 2009 to 2019 with the rising global population despite those advancements.
Overall, Cleetus said, more must be done to curb emissions more quickly and keep the momentum going, and policy is needed to do that—whether that's adopting a carbon tax to disincentivize fossil fuels or creating renewable electricity standards to spur renewable technology use and development.
"It's not just about investments in renewable generation resources," she said, "we also need policies to drive investments in a modernized electricity grid and energy storage technologies."